Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c. A guide for students at johns hopkins engineering optics is playing an increasingly important role in science and engineering today. The wave fronts are spherical, and the direction of motion of the wave is perpendicular to the wave front, as depicted in figure. This mirror is a portion of a sphere of radius r whose center is at c. Wave optics propagation, interference and diffraction of waves axel kuhn, oxford 2016 paul ewarts lecture notes and problem sets. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual. In the module to follow, you will learn about the otherphysical wave optics.
Geometrical optics please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going a3a4 and using back to. Wave properties in general there are two types of waves. Ap physics geometric optics well start off our exploration of optics with the topic of mirrors. Physics optics problems science and mathematics education research group supported by ubc teaching and learning enhancement fund 20122015 faculty of education department of curriculum and pedagogy f a c u l t y o f e d u c a t i o n. For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave. Geometrical optics a light source emits light uniformly in all directions of the three. In this module, we shift the emphasis from light rays to light wavesfrom geometrical optics to physical optics. Pedrotti cord waco, texas in module, basic geometrical optics, we made use of light rays to demonstrate reflection and refraction of light and the imaging of light with mirrors and lenses.
Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Lenses in optics applications types of lenses physics. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of geometric optics and what it means. Some of the topics will be covered in this unit are. A ray is a line that has an origin, but does not have an end. In this module, you will learn about one of the two main divisions of basic opticsgeometrical ray optics. Show that when light reflects from two mirrors that meet each other at a right angle, the outgoing ray is parallel to the incoming ray, as illustrated in the following figure. Geometrical optics is based on two laws of physics. Pdf optics physics for our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light is entirely adequate.
R is the radius of curvature and is the distance c from the mirror. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. These lessons have been designed to be used as a teaching tool, either as individual lessons or as a series, or they can be used as a revision. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and other electromagnetic waves.
This is because we observe the processes emission, reflection, scattering at a distance 10cms with bare eyes that are much longer than the wavelength of light 107. When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is. Pedrotti cord waco, texas optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Geometric optics introduction optics is the study of the way light interacts with other objects. The last chapter, chapter 10, is a brief outline of ray optics and is intended to introduce the student to the matrix method for. Since the invention of the laser, there has been extensive growth, and prolific research and development in optics. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and other electromagnetic. Very useful for calculusbased and algebrabased college physics and ap high school physics. Optics is a branch of physics that deals with the determination of behaviour and the properties of light, along with its interactions with the matter and also with the instruments which are used to detect it. You have even taken those particles and allowed them to oscillate shm. As noted, the image must fall precisely on the retina to produce clear visionthat is, the image distance d i must equal the lenstoretina distance. So far in physics 120 you have been learning to model nature based onparticles. The questions are about reflection, refraction, critical angle, lenses, reflectors, light rays propagating through different mediums, refractive index of.
A concave lens is flat in the middle and thicker at the edges. Spatial filtering designing a doublet with an optical design software project. The eye manages this by varying the power and focal length of the lens to accommodate for objects at various. New era online coaching iit jeejee mainneet 31,411 views. Physics jee study materialof different study circles are available in pdf format. Optics notes topics in these notes are wave properties polarization focal lengths geometrical optics i.
We know that light shows both the particle and wave characteristics. A summary of geometrical optics in s geometric optics. Geometrical optics optics physics experiments physics. Thin lenses when the size of the physical and optical objects of a system are much larger than the wavelength of the light or as. Understanding how light rays can be manipulated allows us to create better contact lenses, fiber optic cables, and high powered telescopes. Optics is the branch of physics concerned with the study of light, its production, propagation, measurement, and properties. Geometrical optics mirror and lenses outline reflection plane mirrors concaveconvex mirrors refraction lenses dispersion. Based on rectilinear propagation of light valid only if. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. A guide to geometric optics teaching approach in this series we explain geometric optics. Only wave optics leads to the correct interpretation of such patterns. Lecture notes optics pdf 57p this note covers the following topics.
Light waves can be bent and reflected to form new and sometimes altered images. Ray optics and optical instruments 311 this case is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface at the point of incidence. Rapid development of optoelectronic devices and laser techniques poses an important task of creating and studying, from one side, the structures capable of effectively converting, modulating, and recording optical data in a wide range of radiation energy densities and frequencies, from another side, the new schemes and approaches capable to activate and simulate the modern. Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation of sight in us. Also download iit jee exam physics study materials,books, class room notes multiple choice questions with hints in pdf form. However, in this unit we will learn the particle characteristics of the light. Of course, every real system experiences diffraction effects, so geometric. This manual, along with the others in the electromechanical technology series, is the result of six years of research and development by terc, a national nonprofit, public service corporation with headquarters in cambridge, massachusetts. Nature of light, geometrical optics, optical instrumentation, dispersion, prisms, and aberrations, wave equations, em waves, polarization, fresnel equations, production of polarized light, superposition of waves interference of light, coherence, fraunhofer diffraction, fourier optics, characteristics. Optics lecture 2016 university of oxford department of physics. This book provides an introduction to the field of optics from a physics perspective. But when light waves pass around small objects, such as a 100diameter human hair, or through small openings, such as a 50 pinhole, ray optics cannot account for the light patterns produced on a screen beyond these objects. Continuing the a level physics revision series with geometric optics.
There are two types of optics in physics, geometric optics, and physical optics. Optics optic is one of the branch of physics which deals with the light and properties of it. Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. With maxwells theory, the student is introduced to the wave nature of. Chapter notes geometrical optics, class 12, physics iit. Optical elements sim classic mirrors lenses ray tracing diagram prisms filters science beamsplitters compressors guide 1 expanders detectors guide 2 delay lines 1. Official, free, no login, fast pdf download glide to success with doorsteptutor material for neet. General physics 2 geometric optics 16 sign conventions focal length positive for converging lenses negative for diverging lenses object distance positive if the object is on the side of the lens from which the light is coming this is usually the case otherwise, it is negative virtual object. Optics, in a simple manner, is used to describe the behaviour of visible light, infrared light, and the ultraviolet.
Frankl your own mind is a sacred enclosure into which nothing harmful can enter except by your promotion. Optics the branch of physics consisting properties of light. Because the lenstoretina distance does not change, the image distance d i must be the same for objects at all distances. A light ray from a source goes in a straight line through the air, but when it encounters a lens, prism, or mirror it bends or changes direction. Light is an electromagnetic disturbance, and as such is described using maxwells equations, which expresses the relationship between the electric. These are but a few of the questions that are answered by the study of optics. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as xrays, microwaves. Optical bench with screen at one end and raybox bracket at the other end. Rectilinear propagation of light in homogeneous media 2. This document is highly rated by class 12 students and has been viewed 21872 times. Optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Optics is an exciting area of study, but as with most areas of physics it requires a variety of mathematical tools to be fully appreciated. It covers, rather, the geometric optics of firstyear students, whom it will.
That is, the normal is along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to the point of incidence. Geometrical optics explained in a understandable way. In particular, optics is concerned with the generation and propagation of light and its interaction with matter. Pdf cengage with proof optics and modern physics youtube. Pdf optics physics pdf optics physics pdf optics physics download.
The classification of a lens depends on how the light rays bend when they pass through the lens. We can put together systems of lenses, mirrors, prisms, polarizers, filters, beam splitters, and all the other optical. Geometrical optics is the treatment of the passage of light through lenses, prisms, etc. Geometrical optics in describing the propagation of light as a wave we need to understand. Your first thought is probably, what do we care about mirrors on airplanes for. Propagation, interference and diffraction of waves.
Longitudal waves are those in which the displacement of the mediumor eld is in the direction of the wave. Convex lens converging concave lens diverging convex lenses are thick in the middle and thinner at the edges. Optical systems in which the wave nature of light must be taken into account interference, diffraction are called physical optics. Types of lenses and mirrors consider reection from a concave spherical mirror, as shown in figure 2. Geometric and physical optics hyperphysics concepts. Free solved physics problems on wave and ray optics. Download cengage optics and modern physics book in pdf. You know how to treat projectiles, billiard balls, etc. We have a preference not to introduce geometrical optics after maxwells equations. Visit examrace for more files and information on sampleobjectivequestions. This lab consists of many short optics experiments. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics.
General physics 2 geometric optics 16 sign conventions focal length positive for converging lenses negative for diverging lenses object distance positive if the object is on the side of the lens from which the light is coming this is usually the case. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified. Optics questions with solutions and explanations at the bottom of the page. These questions may be used to practice for the sat physics test. To present some of the classical tools used in the solution of integrals and differential equations that appear typically in physics and optics. The path is called a ray of light, and a bundle of such rays constitutes a beam of light.
Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. However, if the objects in question are much larger than the wavelength of the light being studied, then the light exhibits much simpler behavior. Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use. Unified physics optics electromechanical technology.
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